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Empire Builder

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Empire Builder
The Empire Builder at Maple Springs, Minnesota, in September 2018
Overview
Service typeInter-city rail
LocaleMidwestern and Northwestern United States
First serviceJune 10, 1929 (1929-06-10)
Current operator(s)Amtrak
Former operator(s)Great Northern (1929–1970)
Burlington Northern (1970–1971)
Annual ridership348,993 (FY23) Increase 15.0%[a][1]
Route
TerminiChicago, Illinois
Seattle, Washington or Portland, Oregon
Stops38 (Seattle–Chicago)
37 (Portland–Chicago)
Distance travelled2,206 miles (3,550 km) (Seattle–Chicago)
2,257 miles (3,632 km) (Portland–Chicago)
Average journey time
  • 45 hours, 10 minutes (Portland to Chicago)
  • 45 hours, 15 minutes (Seattle to Chicago)
  • 45 hours, 55 minutes (Chicago to Portland)
  • 46 hours, 10 minutes (Chicago to Seattle)[2]
Service frequencyDaily
Train number(s)7, 8 (Seattle–Chicago)
27, 28 (Portland–Chicago)
On-board services
Class(es)Coach Class
Sleeper Service
Disabled accessTrain lower level, all stations
Sleeping arrangements
  • Roomette (2 beds)
  • Bedroom (2 beds)
  • Bedroom Suite (4 beds)
  • Accessible Bedroom (2 beds)
  • Family Bedroom (4 beds)
Catering facilitiesDining car, Café
Observation facilitiesSightseer lounge car
Baggage facilitiesOverhead racks, checked baggage available at selected stations
Technical
Rolling stockGE Genesis
Siemens Charger
Superliner
Track gauge4 ft 8+12 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge
Operating speed50 mph (80 km/h) (avg.)
79 mph (127 km/h) (top)
Track owner(s)BNSF, CPKC, Metra, MNNR
Route map
Map
2257 mi
3632 km
Portland
TriMet
2247 mi
3616 km
Vancouver, Washington
2182 mi
3512 km
Bingen-White Salmon
2151 mi
3462 km
Wishram
                 
Route 1971–1981
           
Route 1971–1981
to Seattle
East Auburn
Ellensburg
Yakima
2025 mi
3259 km
Pasco (Tri-Cities)
2206 mi
3550 km
Seattle
Sounder commuter rail Link light rail
2188 mi
3521 km
Edmonds
Sounder commuter rail
2173 mi
3497 km
Everett
Sounder commuter rail
2072 mi
3335 km
Leavenworth
2050 mi
3299 km
Wenatchee
1996 mi
3212 km
Ephrata
Train divides at Spokane
1877 mi
3021 km
Spokane
1807 mi
2908 km
Sandpoint
Troy
Closed 1973
1723 mi
2773 km
Libby
1620 mi
2607 km
Whitefish
1599 mi
2573 km
West Glacier
1573 mi
2531 km
Essex
1542 mi
2482 km
East Glacier Park
Summer only
1528 mi
2459 km
Browning
Winter only
1495 mi
2406 km
Cut Bank
1471 mi
2367 km
Shelby
1366 mi
2198 km
Havre
1277 mi
2055 km
Malta
1211 mi
1949 km
Glasgow
1162 mi
1870 km
Wolf Point
1055 mi
1698 km
Williston
989 mi
1592 km
Stanley
935 mi
1505 km
Minot
874 mi
1407 km
Rugby
817 mi
1315 km
Devils Lake
732 mi
1178 km
Grand Forks
658 mi
1059 km
Fargo
              
Route prior to 1979
              
Route prior to 1979
Breckenridge
Morris
Willmar
Minneapolis
Closed 1978
610 mi
982 km
Detroit Lakes
548 mi
882 km
Staples
482 mi
776 km
St. Cloud
Midway
1978–2014
411 mi
661 km
Saint Paul
371 mi
597 km
Red Wing
308 mi
496 km
Winona
281 mi
452 km
La Crosse
240 mi
386 km
Tomah
195 mi
314 km
Wisconsin Dells
178 mi
286 km
Portage
150 mi
241 km
Columbus
86 mi
138 km
Milwaukee
Milwaukee Streetcar
18 mi
29 km
Glenview
Metra
0 mi
Chicago
Metra
other Amtrak services
other Amtrak services

Handicapped/disabled access All stations are accessible

The Empire Builder is a daily long-distance passenger train operated by Amtrak between Chicago and either Seattle or Portland via two sections west of Spokane. Introduced in 1929, it was the flagship passenger train of the Great Northern Railway and was retained by Amtrak when it took over intercity rail service in 1971.

The end-to-end travel time of the route is 45–46 hours for an average speed of about 50 mph (80 km/h), though the train travels as fast as 79 mph (127 km/h) over the majority of the route. It is Amtrak's busiest long-distance route.

During fiscal year 2023, the Empire Builder carried 338,993 passengers, an increase of 15.0% from FY2022[3] but 21.8% below pre-COVID-19 levels (433,372 passengers during FY2019[4]). During FY2022, the train had a total revenue of $49,600,000.

History

[edit]
Empire Builder on the Stone Arch Bridge, Minneapolis, c. 1929

The Great Northern Railway inaugurated the Empire Builder on June 10, 1929. It was named in honor of the company's founder, James J. Hill, who had reorganized several failing railroads into the only successful attempt at a privately funded transcontinental railroad. It reached the Pacific Northwest in the late 19th century, and for this feat, he was nicknamed "The Empire Builder".[5] Following World War II, Great Northern placed new streamlined and diesel-powered trains in service that cut the scheduled 2,211-mile trip between Chicago and Seattle from 58.5 hours to 45 hours.[6]

The schedule allowed riders views of the Cascade Mountains and Glacier National Park, a park established through the lobbying efforts of the Great Northern. Re-equipped with domes in 1955, the Empire Builder offered passengers sweeping views of the route through three dome coaches and one full-length Great Dome car for first class passengers.[7]

The train at Winona Junction, Wisconsin, in 1958

In 1970, the Great Northern merged with three other closely affiliated railroads to form the Burlington Northern Railroad, which assumed operation of the Builder. Amtrak took over the train when it began operating most intercity routes a year later. To improve its farebox recovery ratio, Amtrak shifted the Chicago–St. Paul leg to run through Milwaukee via the Milwaukee Road.[8] Before 1971, the Chicago–St. Paul leg used the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad's mainline along the Mississippi River through Wisconsin. The service also used to operate west from the Twin Cities before turning northwest in Willmar, Minnesota, to reach Fargo.

Amtrak added a Portland section in 1981, with the train splitting in Spokane. This restored service to the line previously operated by the Spokane, Portland and Seattle Railway.[9] It was not the first time that the train had operated Seattle and Portland sections; Great Northern had split the Builder in Spokane for much of the 1940s and 1950s.[10][11]

In 2005, Amtrak upgraded service to include a wine and cheese tasting in the dining car for sleeping car passengers and free newspapers in the morning.[12] Amtrak's inspector general eliminated some of these services in 2013 as part of a cost-saving measure.[13]

During summer months, on portions of the route, "Trails and Rails" volunteer tour guides in the lounge car give commentary on points of visual and historic interest that can be viewed from the train.[14]

After running daily for the better part of a century, the Empire Builder was cut back to tri-weekly operation along with most of Amtrak's other long-distance routes on October 12, 2020, as part of a round of service reductions due to the COVID-19 pandemic. For most of the fall and winter of 2020–21, trains departed Chicago on Mondays, Thursdays and Saturdays and departed Seattle or Portland on Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays.[15] However, in March 2021, Amtrak announced the train would return to its pre-pandemic daily schedule on May 24, 2021.[16]

Incidents

[edit]

On May 27, 1931, the eastbound Empire Builder was struck by a tornado in Clay County, Minnesota.[17] The train, carrying 117 passengers, had all of its cars, minus the locomotive and coal tender, thrown off the tracks by the tornado, with one car being thrown 80 feet (24 m) off the track. One passenger died, with 57 others injured.[18]

On March 7, 1966, the eastbound Empire Builder suffered a head-on collision with a Western Star mail and passenger train going in the opposite direction.[19] This occurred near Chester while Great Northern's then-president John M. Budd was aboard.[20] The two engineers both died in the collision and 79 were injured; 29 of those were hospitalized in what came to be known at the Great Northern Buelow wreck.[21]

The westbound Empire Builder derailed near Joplin, Montana, on September 25, 2021, with three fatalities.[22]

Ridership

[edit]

The Empire Builder is Amtrak's most popular long-distance train. Over fiscal years 2007–2016, Empire Builder annual ridership averaged 500,000, with a high of 554,266 in FY 2008. Revenue peaked in FY 2013 at $67,394,779.[b] About 65% of the cost of operating the train is covered by fare revenue, a rate among Amtrak's long-distance trains second only to the specialized East Coast Auto Train.[32]

Traffic by Fiscal Year (October–September)
Ridership Change over previous year Ticket Revenue Change over previous year
2007[33] 504,977 - $53,177,760 -
2008[33] 554,266 Increase09.76% $59,461,168 Increase011.81%
2009[33] 515,444 Decrease07.0% $54,064,861 Decrease09.07%
2010[34] 533,493 Increase03.5% $58,497,143 Increase08.19%
2011[34] 469,167 Decrease012.05% $53,773,711 Decrease08.07%
2012[35] 543,072 Increase015.75% $66,655,153 Increase023.95%
2013[35] 536,391 Decrease01.23% $67,394,779 Increase01.1%
2014[36] 450,932 Decrease015.93% $54,545,844 Decrease019.06%
2015[36] 438,376 Decrease02.78% $50,541,140 Decrease07.34%
2016[37] 454,625 Increase03.7% $51,798,583 Increase02.48%
2017[38] 454,000 Decrease00.13% $59,000,000 Increase013.9%
2018[39] 428,854 Decrease05.53% $57,600,000 Decrease02.37%
2019[39] 433,372 Increase01.05% $57,500,000 Decrease00.17%
2020[40] 253,486 Decrease041.5% $32,400,000 Decrease043.65%
2021[41] 220,681 Decrease012.94% $38,400,000 Increase018.52%
2022[42] 303,568 Increase037.56% $49,600,000 Increase029.17%
2023[43][44] 348,993 Increase015% $61,100,000 Increase023.19%

Route

[edit]
The Portland section of the Empire Builder at Union Station in Portland, Oregon

The current Amtrak Empire Builder passes through Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Illinois. It makes service stops in Spokane, Washington; Havre, Montana; Minot, North Dakota; and Saint Paul, Minnesota. Its other major stops include Vancouver, Washington; Whitefish, Montana; Williston, North Dakota; Fargo, North Dakota; and Milwaukee, Wisconsin. It uses BNSF Railway's Northern Transcon from Seattle to Minneapolis, Minnesota Commercial Railway from Minneapolis to St. Paul, Canadian Pacific Kansas City (former Milwaukee Road) from St. Paul to Rondout, Illinois, and Metra's Milwaukee District / North Line (former Milwaukee Road) from Rondout to Chicago. The St. Paul to Chicago portion currently follows the route of the former Twin Cities Hiawatha, and beginning in May 2024 has been supplemented by the Borealis. In pre-Amtrak days it used the Twin Zephyrs routing.

The Seattle section uses the Cascade Tunnel and Stevens Pass as it traverses the Cascade Range to reach Spokane, while the Portland section runs along the Washington side of the Columbia River Gorge. The cars from the two sections are combined at Spokane. The combined train then traverses the mountains of northeastern Washington, northern Idaho and northwestern Montana, arriving in Whitefish in the morning. The schedule is timed so that the train passes through the Rocky Mountains (and Glacier National Park) during daylight – an occurrence that is more likely on the eastbound train during summer. Passengers can see sweeping views as the Builder travels along the middle fork of the Flathead River, crossing the Continental Divide at Marias Pass. After crossing Marias Pass, the Empire Builder leaves Glacier National Park and enters the Northern Plains of eastern Montana and North Dakota.

The land changes from prairie to forest as it travels through Minnesota. From Minneapolis-St. Paul, the Empire Builder crosses the Mississippi River at Hastings, Minnesota and passes through southeastern Minnesota cities on or near Lake Pepin before crossing the Mississippi again at La Crosse, Wisconsin. The service travels southeast through rural south-central Wisconsin, turns due south at Milwaukee, and ends at Chicago Union Station.

The westbound Empire Builder leaves Chicago in early afternoon, arriving in Milwaukee just before the afternoon rush and in St. Paul in the evening. After traveling overnight through Minnesota, it spends most of the following day traveling through North Dakota and Montana, arriving at Glacier National Park in the early evening and splitting late at night in Spokane. The Seattle section travels through the Cascades overnight, arriving in Seattle in mid-morning. The Portland section arrives in the Tri-Cities just before breakfast and in Portland in mid-morning. The eastbound Seattle and Portland sections leave within five minutes of each other just before the afternoon rush, combining in Spokane and traveling through Montana overnight before arriving at Glacier National Park in mid-morning and Williston at dinner time. After traveling overnight through North Dakota and Minnesota, it arrives in St. Paul at breakfast time, Columbus/Madison at lunch time, Milwaukee in early afternoon and Chicago just before the afternoon rush.

Stops at Milwaukee Airport and Sturtevant were added beginning March 21, 2020, to replace Hiawatha trains suspended due to the COVID-19-related drastic drop in demand.[45] Additionally, local travel was allowed between Chicago and Milwaukee. These adjustments lasted until the train resumed its normal schedule in May 2021.

Empire Builder route map

Flooding

[edit]
A GE Genesis in 40th-anniversary Phase I paint leads a stub Empire Builder out of St. Paul, Minnesota after floods suspended service west. (2011)

The line has come under threat from flooding from the Missouri, Souris, Red, and Mississippi Rivers, and has occasionally had to suspend or alter service. Most service gets restored in days or weeks, but Devils Lake in North Dakota, which has no natural outlet, is a long-standing threat. The lowest top-of-rail elevation in the lake crossing is 1,455.7 ft (443.70 m).[46] In spring 2011, the lake reached 1,454.3 ft (443.27 m),[47] causing service interruptions on windy days when high waves threatened the tracks.

BNSF, which owns the track, suspended freight operations through Devils Lake in 2009 and threatened to allow the rising waters to cover the line unless Amtrak could provide $100 million to raise the track. In that case, the Empire Builder would have been rerouted to the south, ending service to Rugby, Devils Lake, and Grand Forks.[48] In June 2011 agreement was reached that Amtrak and BNSF would each cover 1/3 of the cost with the rest to come from the federal and state governments.[49]

In December 2011, North Dakota was awarded a $10 million TIGER grant from the US Department of Transportation to assist with the state portion of the cost.[50] Work began in June 2012, and the track is being raised in two stages: 5 feet (1.5 m) in 2012, and another 5 feet in 2013. Two bridges and their abutments are also being raised. When the track raise is complete, the top-of-rail elevation will be 1,466 ft (446.84 m).[51] This is 10 feet above the level at which the lake will naturally overflow and will thus be a permanent solution to the Devils Lake flooding.

In the spring and summer of 2011 flooding of the Souris River near Minot, North Dakota blocked the route in the latter part of June and for most of July. For some of that time the Empire Builder (with a typical consist of only four cars) ran from Chicago and terminated in Minneapolis/St Paul; to the west, the Empire Builder did not run east of Havre, Montana. (Other locations along the route also flooded, near Devils Lake, North Dakota and areas further west along the Missouri River.)

Freight train interference

[edit]

An oil boom from the Bakken formation, combined with a robust fall 2013 harvest, led to a spike in the number of crude oil and grain trains using the Northern Transcon in Montana and North Dakota. The resulting congestion led to rampant delays for the Empire Builder, with the train running on time 44.5% in November 2013, the worst on-time performance of any Amtrak route and well below congressional standards. In some cases, the delays resulted in an imbalance of crew and equipment, forcing Amtrak to cancel runs of the Empire Builder.[52] By May 2014, only 26% of Empire Builder trains had arrived within 30 minutes of their scheduled time, with delays averaging between 3 and 5 hours.[53] In some cases, freight congestion and severe weather resulted in delays as long as 11 to 12 hours.[54] This was a marked change from past years in which the Empire Builder was one of the best on-time performers in the entire Amtrak system, ahead of even the flagship Acela Express.[55]

Due to the increasingly severe delays, Amtrak adjusted the route's schedule west of St. Paul on April 15, 2014. Westbound trains left St. Paul later, while eastbound trains left Seattle/Portland approximately three hours earlier. Operating hours for affected stations were also officially adjusted accordingly. The Amtrak announcement also said that BNSF was working on adding track capacity, and it was anticipated that sometime in 2015 the Empire Builder could be returned to its former schedule. In January 2015, it was announced that the train would resume its normal schedule.[56][54]

Even during the worst of the delays, the train has seen frequent patronage from workers in the Bakken fields and their families who board and detrain in Williston. Passengers travel from as far as the Pacific Northwest.[57]

Stations

[edit]
Amtrak Empire Builder stations
State/Province City Station Connections
Illinois Chicago Chicago Union
Glenview Glenview
Wisconsin Milwaukee Milwaukee
Columbus Columbus
Portage Portage
Wisconsin Dells Wisconsin Dells
Tomah Tomah
La Crosse La Crosse
Minnesota Winona Winona
Red Wing Red Wing
St. Paul St. Paul - Minneapolis Union
St. Cloud St. Cloud Bus interchange St. Cloud Metro Bus
Staples Staples
Detroit Lakes Detroit Lakes
North Dakota Fargo Fargo Bus interchange MATBUS
Grand Forks Grand Forks
Devils Lake Devils Lake
Rugby Rugby
Minot Minot Bus interchange Minot City Transit
Stanley Stanley
Williston Williston
Montana Wolf Point Wolf Point
Glasgow Glasgow
Malta Malta
Havre Havre
Shelby Shelby
Cut Bank Cut Bank
Browning Browning
East Glacier Park East Glacier Park
Essex Essex
West Glacier West Glacier
Whitefish Whitefish Greyhound Lines Greyhound Lines
Libby Libby
Idaho Sandpoint Sandpoint
Washington (state) Spokane Spokane
Seattle Branch
Ephrata Ephrata
Wenatchee Wenatchee
Leavenworth Leavenworth
Everett Everett
Edmonds Edmonds
Seattle King Street
Portland Branch
Pasco Pasco Greyhound Lines Greyhound Lines
Wishram Wishram
Bingen Bingen–White Salmon Bus interchange Mount Adams Transportation Service
Vancouver Vancouver Amtrak Amtrak: Amtrak Cascades, Coast Starlight
Oregon Portland Portland

Former stops

[edit]
In the cab of the Empire Builder, 1974. Photo by Charles O'Rear.

In 1970, the construction and filling of Lake Koocanusa necessitated the realignment of 60 miles (97 km) of track between Stryker, Montana, and Libby, Montana, and the construction of Flathead Tunnel, leading the Empire Builder to drop service to Eureka, Montana. The Empire Builder also served Troy, Montana, until February 15, 1973.

On October 1, 1979, the Empire Builder was rerouted to operate over the North Coast Hiawatha's old route between Minneapolis and Fargo, North Dakota. With this alignment change, the Empire Builder dropped Willmar, Minnesota; Morris, Minnesota; and Breckenridge, Minnesota, while adding St. Cloud, Minnesota; Staples, Minnesota; and Detroit Lakes, Minnesota.

Another alignment change came on October 25, 1981, when the Seattle section was rerouted from the old Northern Pacific (which had also become part of the BN in 1970) to the Burlington Northern Railroad's line through the Cascade Tunnel over Stevens Pass. This change eliminated service to Yakima, Washington; Ellensburg, Washington; and Auburn, Washington.[58] This change also introduced the Portland section, which returned service to the former Spokane, Portland and Seattle Railroad line (which became part of BN in 1970) along the Washington shore of the Columbia River. The route kept Pasco, but added Wishram, Bingen-White Salmon, and Vancouver (all in Washington) to the route. From Vancouver, the Portland section of the Empire Builder uses the same route as the Coast Starlight and Cascades trains to Portland Union Station.

It has been proposed that the Empire Builder and Hiawatha trains servicing Glenview, Illinois have their station stop be shifted one station north to the Metra station at North Glenview, to eliminate stops which block traffic on Glenview Road. North Glenview would have to be modified to handle additional traffic, and the move depends on commitments from Glenview, the Illinois General Assembly, and Metra.[59] In Minnesota, the Empire Builder returned to Saint Paul Union Depot on May 7, 2014, 43 years after it last served the station the day before the start of Amtrak. Renovation of the 1917 Beaux Arts terminal was undertaken in 2011, continuing through 2013, resulting in a multi-mode terminal used by Jefferson Lines, Greyhound Lines, commuter bus and the Metro Green Line, providing a light rail connection to downtown Minneapolis.[60] The station replaced Midway Station which opened in 1978 after the initial abandonment of Saint Paul Union Depot in 1971 and the demolition of Minneapolis Great Northern Depot in 1978.

Equipment

[edit]

Current equipment

[edit]
Empire Builder crosses the Two Medicine Trestle at East Glacier Park, Montana, 2011.

Like all long-distance trains west of the Mississippi River, the Empire Builder uses bilevel Superliner passenger cars (except for the baggage car). The Empire Builder was the first train to be fully equipped with Superliners, with the first run occurring on October 28, 1979.[61]

A typical Empire Builder consist includes:[62]

  • Two or three GE Genesis or Siemens Charger ALC-42 locomotives
  • Viewliner baggage car
  • Superliner transition sleeper car
  • Two Superliner sleeper cars
  • Superliner diner
  • Superliner coach
  • Superliner Sightseer Lounge/café
  • Superliner coach
  • Superliner coach/baggage car
  • Superliner sleeper

In Spokane, the westbound train is split: the locomotives, baggage car, and first six passenger cars continue on to Seattle as train 7, while a single locomotive is used to take the remaining cars (including the lounge/cafe) to Portland as train 27. Eastbound the sections are combined in a reverse fashion, with the Seattle section numbered as train 8 and the Portland section as train 28. During peak travel periods, an additional coach is added to the rear of the train between Chicago and St. Paul. It is left overnight in St. Paul for the next day's return trip to pick up. This car is designated train 807 westbound and train 808 eastbound.

Amtrak’s Siemens Charger ALC-42 locomotives were first used in revenue service on the Empire Builder on February 8, 2022.[63]

Historical equipment

[edit]
The train along the Columbia River, c. 1947

When first launched in 1929, the Great Northern provided new heavyweight consists. When the railway received five new streamlined trainsets in 1947, the old heavyweight sets were used to reintroduce the Oriental Limited. In 1951 the Empire Builder was re-equipped with six new streamlined trainsets; the 1947 cars were used to launch the Western Star, while the Oriental Limited was retired. When the GN acquired dome coaches in 1955, the 1951 coaches went to Western Star, while the 1947 coaches went to the pool of spare and extra-movement cars. Ownership of the cars on the Empire Builder was by-and-large split between the Great Northern and the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad (CB&Q), though a couple of cars in the original consists were owned by the Spokane, Portland and Seattle Railway (SP&S). In this consist, one of the 48-seat "chair" cars and one of the 4-section sleepers were used for the connection to Portland, while the rest of the consist connected to Seattle.

The Great Northern coaches eventually found their way into state-subsidized commuter service for the Central Railroad of New Jersey after the Burlington Northern merger and remained until 1987 when NJ Transit retired its last E8A locomotive. Some of these cars remain in New Jersey. Some coaches were acquired from the Union Pacific; these also went to New Jersey. One of the 28 seat coach-dinette cars also remains in New Jersey and is stored near Interstate 78 wearing tattered Amtrak colors.

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Amtrak's Fiscal Year (FY) runs from October 1 of the prior year to September 30 of the named year.
  2. ^ Compiled from Amtrak's annual ridership and revenue reports.[23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Amtrak Fiscal Year 2023 Ridership" (PDF). Amtrak. November 27, 2023. Retrieved November 30, 2023.
  2. ^ "Amtrak Timetable Results". www.amtrak.com. Archived from the original on January 16, 2022. Retrieved December 20, 2021.
  3. ^ "Amtrak FY23 Ridership" (PDF).
  4. ^ "Amtrak Route Ridership, FY19 vs. FY18" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on May 28, 2021.
  5. ^ Hidy et al. 2004, p. 180
  6. ^ Hidy et al. 2004, p. 244
  7. ^ Hidy et al. 2004, p. 272
  8. ^ "Empire Builder Timeline". Great Northern Timeline. Great Northern Railway Historical Society. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved March 7, 2016.
  9. ^ "Through Your Car Window - Westbound - On the Streamlined Empire Builder, Western Star and other Great Northern Trains". Great Northern Railway Page. Great Northern Railway. June 1953. Archived from the original on March 17, 2012. Retrieved February 8, 2010.
  10. ^ May 4, 1947, Great Northern timetable http://www.streamlinerschedules.com/concourse/track7/empbuilder194706.html Archived January 22, 2019, at the Wayback Machine
  11. ^ June 10, 1956, Great Northern timetable http://www.streamlinerschedules.com/concourse/track7/empbuilder195607.html Archived November 30, 2019, at the Wayback Machine
  12. ^ "Amtrak Empire Builder Relaunch". Amtrak Empire Builder. trainweb.com. August 1, 2009. Archived from the original on March 14, 2012. Retrieved February 14, 2010.
  13. ^ "To See Why Amtrak's Losses Mount, Hop on the Empire Builder Train". msn.com. Archived from the original on March 8, 2016. Retrieved March 7, 2016.
  14. ^ "Trails & Rails". National Park Service. Archived from the original on February 9, 2010. Retrieved February 9, 2010.
  15. ^ "Long Distance Schedules Change to Tri-Weekly". Amtrak. Archived from the original on September 23, 2020.
  16. ^ "With Increased Demand and Congressional Funding, Amtrak Restores 12 Long Distance Routes to Daily Service". March 10, 2021. Archived from the original on October 12, 2021. Retrieved April 13, 2021.
  17. ^ Jackson, William (2024). North Dakota Tornadoes Twisters & Cyclones. Dickinson, ND: Valley Star Publications. p. 87. ISBN 979-8-89480-378-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  18. ^ Wheeler, John (May 27, 2017). "Weather Talk: Anniversary of the Empire Builder tornado". Forum News Service. Retrieved August 31, 2022.
  19. ^ "Head-on Crash Kills Engineers". Chester, Montana: Great Falls Tribune. Associated Press. March 8, 1966. pp. 1, 10.
  20. ^ Langel, Ruby (1994). A history of Chester Montana and surrounding communities from 1890 to 1994. pp. 30–31. Retrieved August 30, 2024.
  21. ^ Snyder, Jon (2024). "Accident, Buelow, MT, 1966". Great Northern Archive. Archived from the original on August 30, 2024. Retrieved August 29, 2024.
  22. ^ "Sheriff's office: At least 3 killed in Amtrak derailment". The Spokesman-Review. September 25, 2021. Archived from the original on September 26, 2021. Retrieved September 26, 2021.
  23. ^ "2016 ridership" (PDF) (PDF). Amtrak. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 7, 2016. Retrieved November 6, 2016.
  24. ^ "2015 ridership" (PDF) (PDF). Amtrak. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 30, 2021. Retrieved March 4, 2016.
  25. ^ "2014 ridership" (PDF) (PDF). Amtrak. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 10, 2016. Retrieved March 4, 2016.
  26. ^ "2013 ridership" (PDF) (PDF). Amtrak. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 16, 2016. Retrieved March 4, 2016.
  27. ^ "2012 ridership" (PDF) (PDF). Amtrak. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 10, 2016. Retrieved March 4, 2016.
  28. ^ "2011 ridership" (PDF) (PDF). Amtrak. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 10, 2016. Retrieved March 4, 2016.
  29. ^ "2010 ridership" (PDF) (PDF). Amtrak. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 10, 2016. Retrieved March 4, 2016.
  30. ^ "2006–2009 ridership" (PDF) (PDF). Amtrak. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 10, 2016. Retrieved March 4, 2016.
  31. ^ "2007–2008 Revenue" (PDF) (PDF). Amtrak. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 11, 2016. Retrieved March 7, 2016.
  32. ^ "North Coast Hiawatha Passenger Rail Study" (PDF). Amtrak. October 16, 2009. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 19, 2015. Retrieved February 2, 2010.
  33. ^ a b c "Amtrak Fiscal Year 2009, Oct. 2008-Sept. 2009" (PDF). Trains Magazine. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 30, 2013. Retrieved November 8, 2020.
  34. ^ a b "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2012. Retrieved July 30, 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
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Bibliography

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Further reading

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